Retraction and correction policy

Corrections (errata and corrigenda)

Minor errors that do not affect the conclusions may be corrected via an erratum or corrigendum, clearly linked from the original article. Authors should notify the editorial office promptly if they discover an error in a published work.

Expressions of concern

In some cases, when an investigation is ongoing, the journal may publish an expression of concern to alert readers while facts are established.

Retractions

A retraction may be considered when, for example: there is clear evidence of unreliable findings due to misconduct or honest error; results have previously been published elsewhere without disclosure; there is plagiarism or other ethical breach; or authorship is disputed in ways that undermine confidence in the work. Retraction notices state the reason, are linked to the original article, and remain part of the public record.

Roles and process

Editors, in consultation with publishers where applicable, decide on corrections and retractions based on evidence and fairness. Authors and institutions may be contacted; outcomes are not determined solely by third-party allegations without appropriate review.

For plagiarism and research-integrity concerns, see our plagiarism policy and ethics statement.